Red Shirt intimidation, which had become routine in recent elections, complicated matters. Smalls failed to defeat Tillman in a violent campaign, garnering only 15, votes, or 40 percent; however, he contested the election, hoping to capitalize on the slim Republican majority in the 47th Congress — His case came before the Committee on Elections on July 18, Using Edgefield, South Carolina, as a case study, Smalls won the support of the committee by testifying that his supporters had been frightened away from the polls.
Their plan backfired, however, as the House seated him, to 1 with abstentions. While his victory was yet another blow to southern Democrats, the curtailed term again left him little time to legislate. By , South Carolina Democrats had gerry—mandered the state so that only one district retained any hope of electing a black candidate. Smalls deferred to Mackey—a sympathetic white man whose wife was mixed-race—to maintain unity in the party.
However, Mackey died suddenly on January 28, , shortly after defeating Lee—who ran as an Independent candidate—in the general election. Lee had taken a federal patronage position in Alabama, leaving Smalls the best chance at the seat. He won a special election without opposition and took his oath of office on March 31, Smalls continued earlier attempts to secure federal debt relief for South Carolinians who lost their property due to nonpayment of wartime taxes, justifying the relief by pointing to the free services and the welcome federal soldiers had received in places like Port Royal; however, the House rejected his proposal.
After parliamentary debate about the germaneness of the amendment, it was added to the bill, which passed the House though it died in the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia. Though both candidates expected a violent campaign, the election was relatively quiet, with Sea Island blacks coming out to support their favorite son.
Smalls was appointed to the Committee on War Claims in the 49th Congress — , made up of a safe Democratic majority. Encouraged by his recent victory, black state senators nominated Smalls for an open seat in the U. Senate in December Although he lost to Democratic Governor Wade Hampton, 31 to 3, his nomination was a symbolic protest of white supremacy.
Hunter was one of the first white Union commanders to raise African—American regiments in the Civil War and was known for issuing an order to free slaves in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Democrats argued against permitting the pension.
Smalls also steered through the House a bill that allowed for the redemption of school farmlands outside Beaufort that had been owned by the federal government since the Civil War. Smalls also failed in a bid to make Port Royal a coaling station for the U.
Smalls faced a challenge from within his own party for re—election in African—American rival Henry Thompson attempted to capitalize on the growing competition within the black community between full and mixed-race persons.
Smalls remained an active and popular politician, managing to win the chairmanship of the Republican state convention in Senate, but he received only one vote from the state legislature. Murray secured en route to a general election victory. Smalls benefited throughout this period from GOP patronage.
He held the post until Republicans lost the White House in Over time, his duties as collector became more onerous in the face of racism and segregation in Beaufort. He was forced to step down in after the White House again transferred to a Democrat.
Smalls died of natural causes in his Beaufort home on February 22, Sabio also suggests that Smalls may have been the son of Moses Goldsmith, a Charleston merchant. See Edward A. Miller, Jr. Government never fully compensated Smalls for the value of the Planter as a reward for its capture. During the next 30 years, black Members of Congress sought compensation for Smalls equal to the value of the ship.
Henry Cheatham made similar unsuccessful requests in the 51st and 52nd Congresses — , and George White failed to pass a resolution reimbursing Smalls in the 55th Congress — The House finally approved a measure submitted by White on May 18, , during the 56th Congress — See Congressional Record , House, 56th Cong. Several sources indicate that Smalls served in the Navy, but others note that he did not have the education to pilot a naval vessel.
Therefore, he either received a commission in or worked as a civilian for the Union Army and was frequently detailed to the Navy for service at sea. Smalls was promoted to captain of the Planter in , though it is unclear whether he attained that rank in the Navy or the Army. Smalls received his Navy pension after petitioning Congress in Smalls was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in , , and and the Republican National Conventions from to While serving in Congress, he introduced a private bill asking for the relief of the McKee family, but the bill did not pass see H.
His bill passed the House, but no action was taken in the Senate. Dubin et al. Parsons et al. Congressional Elections, — : View Record in the Biographical Directory of the U. Alexander, Kitt, comp.
Alexander, ? Billingsley, Andrew. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, Anthony, Henry B. Integrity of Republican administration. Cowley, Charles. The romance of history in "the Black County," and the romance of war in the career of Gen. Robert Smalls, "the hero of the Planter. Miller, Edward A. House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, Smalls, Robert. Contested election.
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