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Catalyst poison fronts may be determined from cross-sections. Mercury catalyst poisoning can be determined directly on the catalyst without the need for digestion, by the use of a combustion-atomic absorption analyser. The working range is from ppb to 50 ppm of mercury.
The same instruments can be used for the direct examination of mercury in feedstocks. Lead, arsenic and many other suspect elements including phosphorus can be determined by ICP techniques after bringing the catalyst into solution. The sulphur content of new and used catalysts can be examined after combustion in a stream of oxygen, using infra red detection of the combustion products.
At the same time carbon determination is performed on the same instrument. Major to minor levels of sulphur and carbon are determined. Should there be a need to measure trace levels of sulphur then microcoulometric detection on a different instrument can be applied.
Chlorine deposition can be determined by oxidative microcoulometry. Nitrogen contamination can be determined either by a CHN analyser, or for low levels a combustion analyser with chemiluminescence detection. Catalyst poisoning in some processes routinely progresses to the point of forming a discrete crystalline phase.
Appropriate high surface area materials, e.
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