Lymph nodes glands — These small, bean-shaped structures are made up of lymph tissue. There are about lymph nodes found in groups along the lymph vessels, including in the neck, underarms, chest, abdomen and groin.
The lymph nodes filter lymph fluid as it passes through the body, before emptying most of the fluid into the bloodstream. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy material inside bones. It produces stem cells, which are unspecialised blood cells that usually grow into one of three main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Each type of blood cell has a specific function.
There are different types of white blood cells. The lymph nodes, lymph tissue and lymph fluid all contain the white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Types of lymphocytes are B-cells, T-cells and NK-cells. B-cells make antibodies to fight infection. T-cells help the body fight invaders antigens by killing them directly or by helping B-cells make antibodies.
NK-cells are rarer lymphocytes that specialise in killing cancer cells. For more information about all types of blood cancers and the role of blood cells, visit the Leukaemia Foundation. There are many different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, based on the type of lymphocyte affected B-cell, T-cell or rarely NK-cell and how fast the lymphoma is growing.
Weakened immune system — The risk is higher if your immune system has been weakened. This can happen if you have an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis and coeliac disease, or if you need to take medicines that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant.
Certain viruses — Infections with Helicobacter pylori, HTLV-1 human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 , hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 8 can slightly increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, this family link is rare. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not contagious. Each year in Australia, about people are diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is more common in men than women. Most cases occur in adults aged 60 and older. However, non-Hodgkin lymphoma can also occur in young adults and children.
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Looking for transport, accommodation or home help? Lymphoma cells can be found in many lymph nodes, the bone marrow or the spleen. Spread of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. If NHL spreads, it can spread to the following: other lymph nodes close to where it started or in other parts of the body bone marrow spleen liver stomach small intestine large intestine lungs or pleura testicles brain or spinal cord called the central nervous system, or CNS skin eyes sinuses Indolent low-grade types of NHL have often spread to different parts of the body by the time they are diagnosed.
Transformed NHL. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of adults. More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.
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Principal Deputy Director's Page. Previous NCI Directors. NCI Frederick. Advisory Boards and Review Groups. NCI Congressional Justification. Current Congress. Committees of Interest. Legislative Resources. Recent Public Laws. Search Search. Home Cancer Types Lymphoma Patient. Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment. Adult NHL Treatment. Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment. Childhood NHL Treatment. Key Points Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the lymph system.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be indolent or aggressive. Older age, being male, and having a weakened immune system can increase the risk of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Signs and symptoms of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Tests that examine the lymph system and other parts of the body are used to diagnose and stage adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Certain factors affect prognosis chance of recovery and treatment options. Lymph : Colorless, watery fluid that travels through the lymph vessels and carries lymphocytes white blood cells.
There are three types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes that make antibodies to help fight infection. Also called B cells. Most types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma begin in B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes that help B lymphocytes make the antibodies that help fight infection. Also called T cells. Natural killer cells that attack cancer cells and viruses. Also called NK cells. Follicular lymphoma. Follicular lymphoma is the most common type of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
It is a very slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that begins in B lymphocytes. It affects the lymph nodes and may spread to the bone marrow or spleen. Most patients with follicular lymphoma are age 50 years and older when they are diagnosed. Follicular lymphoma may go away without treatment. The patient is closely watched for signs or symptoms that the disease has come back.
Treatment is needed if signs or symptoms occur after the cancer disappeared or after initial cancer treatment. Sometimes follicular lymphoma can become a more aggressive type of lymphoma, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. In most cases of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, B lymphocytes that are turning into plasma cells make large amounts of a protein called monoclonal immunoglobulin M IgM antibody.
High levels of IgM antibody in the blood cause the blood plasma to thicken. This may cause signs or symptoms such as trouble seeing or hearing, heart problems, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, and numbness or tingling of the hands and feet.
Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. It may be found when a blood test is done for another reason. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma often spreads to the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma should be checked for hepatitis C virus infection.
Marginal zone lymphoma. This type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma begins in B lymphocytes in a part of lymph tissue called the marginal zone. The prognosis may be worse for patients aged 70 years or older, those with stage III or stage IV disease, and those with high lactate dehydrogenase LDH levels. There are five different types of marginal zone lymphoma. They are grouped by the type of tissue where the lymphoma formed: Nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Nodal marginal zone lymphoma forms in lymph nodes.
This type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare. It is also called monocytoid B-cell lymphoma. Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MALT lymphoma.
Gastric MALT lymphoma usually begins in the stomach. This type of marginal zone lymphoma forms in cells in the mucosa that help make antibodies. Extragastric MALT lymphoma. Extragastric MALT lymphoma begins outside of the stomach in almost every part of the body including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract , salivary glands , thyroid , lung, skin, and around the eye.
Extragastric MALT lymphoma may come back many years after treatment. Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma. It often forms in the abdomen and patients may also be infected with bacteria called Campylobacter jejuni. This type of lymphoma is also called immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma.
This type of marginal zone lymphoma begins in the spleen and may spread to the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The most common sign of this type of splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a spleen that is larger than normal. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It grows quickly in the lymph nodes and often the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or other organs are also affected.
Signs and symptoms of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma may include fever , drenching night sweats, and weight loss. These are also called B symptoms. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. This type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is marked by the overgrowth of fibrous scar-like lymph tissue. A tumor most often forms behind the breastbone.
It may press on the airways and cause coughing and trouble breathing. Most patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma are women who are age 30 to 40 years. Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
This type of anaplastic large cell lymphoma mostly affects the skin, but other parts of the body may also be affected.
Signs of cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma include one or more bumps or ulcers on the skin. This type of lymphoma is rare and indolent. Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. This type of anaplastic large cell lymphoma begins in the lymph nodes and may affect other parts of the body.
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